Symptoms And Treatment Of Parkinson Disease - 985 Words

SUBJECT POPULATION: Subjects older than 50 years, both men and women will be selected and enrolled at â€Å"Boston Medical Center, its affiliated hospitals-Massachusetts† and at â€Å"THE Queen’s Medical Center and its affiliated hospitals.- HAWAII†.Subjects will be recruited from the Suffolk and Honolulu County. The health departments of respective counties will be contacted; meetings will be arranged in seeking their advice to plan a community screening operation of Parkinson disease patients. Patients from tertiary hospitals as well as community hospitals will be enrolled. Participants who were diagnosed by community hospitals will be assessed and examined more carefully and detail by team members to make sure they received the right diagnosis. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: Inclusion Criteria: †¢ People aged older than 50 years, both men and women who have been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Justification: This age range will enable us to recruit study participants adequately for our outcome of interest. Parkinson disease with dementia is a disease associated with advanced aging. The study subjects above 50 years of age will enable us to enroll desired participants diagnosed with PD without dementia and allow us to observe them for a sufficient period until outcome with minimal loss to follow-up.23, 24 †¢ All people diagnosed with Parkinson disease validated from tertiary care setting. Justification: Since Parkinson disease is a clinical diagnosis and misdiagnosisShow MoreRelatedTreatment Of Sleeping : Symptoms And Symptoms Of Parkinson s Disease2876 Words   |  12 PagesTreatment of Sleeping 1 Disorders Should Be Considered in 2 Clinical Management of Parkinson’s Disease 3 4 5 Altair B. dos Santos1, George E. Barreto, PhD2, Kristi A. Kohlmeier, PhD3 * 6 7 1Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, 8 Brazil. 9 2Departmento de Nutricià ³n y Bioquà ­mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad 10 Javeriana, Bogotà ¡ D.C., Colombia. 11 3Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and 12 Pharmacology, UniversityRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Parkinson s Disease1491 Words   |  6 Pageshealth care services. For example, my grandmother, age 85, was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 2011 and is now a patient in the health care system. Parkinson’s disease is â€Å"when neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate, the resulting loss of dopamine causes the nerve cells of the striatum to fire excessively. This makes it impossible for people to control their movements, leading to the primary motor symptoms of PD†(National Institute of Neurological Disorders, 2004). 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As this progresses, the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson Disease (PD)Read MoreParkinson Disease : A Brain Disorder1109 Words   |  5 Pages Parkinson Disease By Teri Gordon BIO 202 Harrisonburg Campus â€Æ' Teri Gordon BIO 202 Kevin Chakos Harrisonburg Campus Research Paper Parkinson Disease Parkinson Disease is a brain disorder that affects movement, loss of muscle control and balance. The first symptoms usually include a tremor of the hand, foot, or leg which is often termed as a â€Å"shaky palsy.† The disease usually slowly progresses with symptoms getting more intense over many years. Some patients who develop Parkinson’s inRead MoreIdiopathic Parkisons Disease779 Words   |  3 PagesPARKINSONS DISEASE Parkinson also known as idiopathic Parkinson basically targets dopamine in brain nerve cells specially in mid brain and substantia nigra causes cell death. 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James Parkinson was born in the year 1755 Landon, England and would alsoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Parkinson s Disease Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson Disease by Melissa Green Topical Bibliography In partial fulfillment of the writing requirement for Anatomy and Physiology 304 and the Department of Speech-Language Pathology SUNY Buffalo State Fall 2016 Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms or tremors, rigidity, (bradykinesia) or slowness of movement and posture instability. Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in theRead MoreParkinson s No Longer Happens But Is Inherited1181 Words   |  5 Pageshappens but is inherited An autosomal recessive is how one inherits a trait, disorder, or disease that is passed or shared through families. Whether it is albinism or red hair (also referred to as day walkers or ginger) height or heath both parent carry the autosomal trait that is passed to the child. An autosomal recessive disorder means that two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. A mutation in a gene on one of the first 22 non-sex chromosomes canRead MoreThe Impact Of Datscan On Diagnosis And Management Of Movement Disorders1108 Words   |  5 PagesEspecially if these tests could possibly lead us to a cure for those diseases that currently have only treatment, but no cures. Parkinson s is a progressively degenerative disease, which affects millions of people every year. Patients suffering from Parkinson s incur high costs from drug therapy, fall-related injuries, and hospitalizations. By diagnosing this disease earlier, treatment can be started ear lier and hopefully the symptoms can be delayed and less severe for a longer period of time giving

The Dietary Influences Of Childhood Obesity Essay

Today, we see more cases involving childhood obesity throughout the United States than ever before. In this generation, 17% of all children across the country are suffering from obesity. Many say that dietary influences such as school lunch options, food deserts, advertising of foods, portion sizes, unhealthy eating patterns, and a lack of exercise are the major causes of childhood obesity. Others believe that where, how, and what children eat does not factor into childhood obesity. Rather, genetic components are the main cause of weight gain in children. After considering both sides of the issue, I strongly believe dietary influences are the main cause of childhood obesity. Dietary influences such as such lunch options are a major cause of childhood obesity. Unfortunately, many schools all over the country continue to offer unhealthy food in their cafeterias. In the mid-1900s, The National School Program, a federally assisted program, began giving schools millions of dollars annua lly for nourishing, free lunch. According to Barry Yeoman in the article School Lunches Cause Childhood Obesity,† â€Å"Enacted in 1946, the program is supposed to provide healthy meals to children, regardless of income. At the same time, however, it s designed to subsidize agribusiness, shoring up demands for beef and milk...† In other words, students are still being offered great amounts of dairy and beef, which are high in saturated fats. Saturated fats significantly contribute to obesity andShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Worldwide Health Issue921 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity Obesity is known to be a worldwide health issue, with the greatest concentrations of obese individuals in developed countries. In the past years it has been well documented that obesity has increased in both adults and children, and an increase is still expected. 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The potential factors that increase the risk of childhood obesity in cancer survivors include, treatmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 PagesIf current adolescent obesity rates continue, predictions say by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding styles and fast food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affectsRead MoreChildhood Obesity Worldwide and in Hong Kong921 Words   |  4 PagesSignificance of Childhood Obesity Worldwide and in Hong Kong 1.1.1 Definition of Childhood Obesity Overweight and obesity are defined as â€Å"abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents risk to health† (1), in which overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone, water while obesity is defined as having excess body fat (2). Body Mass Index (BMI) is a commonly used and highly practical measure to indicate overweight and obesity, in which the person’sRead MoreThe Future of Responsibility Essay example1137 Words   |  5 Pagesrate. One of the most serious problems nowadays is obesity. To put it simply, obesity is a term used to describe the body weight of a person that is much greater than what is healthy. Unfortunately, the majority of those who are victimized by obesity are children. â€Å"Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Worldwide, approximately 22 million children under 5 years of age are overweight.† (854-855) says Pediatric Cardiologist and obesity expert Albert P. Rocchini, M.D, of the University ofRead MoreNutrition And Weight Status : Preventing Childhood Obesity1478 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition and Weight Status: Preventing Childhood Obesity A healthy diet is the foundation for achieving a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition, the intake of food in order to provide the body with its dietary needs, is important when referring to a healthy diet (Potter, Perry, Stockert Hall, 2013). Nutrition is good when the body receives the essentially balanced nourishment required to sustain life and successfully perform bodily functions. 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As more children are diagnosed with obesity, the more children increase their risk of cardiova scular disease, hypertension, and insulin resistance later as adults (NewbyRead MoreEffectiveness Of Intervention Programs On Childhood Obesity Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesPrograms on Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is growing very rapidly all over the world. Childhood obesity can go further into adulthood. Obesity causes different kinds of health problems such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. It has psychological effects. For example, obese children have lower self-esteem, negative body image and suffer from depression and poor academic performance. There are many factors that result in obesity. They have

Event Planning and Management for World Indigenous Games in Brazil

Questions: 1. The Product Breakdown Structure (PBS)2. Planning, Implementing and Evaluation3. Possible impacts in Planning and Implementation of World Indigenous Games4. The Organizers planning and Implementation Phases Answers: Introduction In the report, the World Indigenous Games event is going to be employed for analysis. The event will be held in Porto Nacional, Brazil for a period of eight days. In spite of the fact that the 2016 Olympics in Rio placard the spotlight, Brazil is facilitating a littler however seemingly much cooler occasion in 2015 - the first World Indigenous Games in Porto Nacional. There is the expectation of 5,000 competitors and above from indigenous groups from more than 30 nations will be venturing out to the district of Porto Nacional to join in an extensive variety of controls, including arrow based weaponry, lance, pull of-war, kayaking, log hustling, wrestling, football, xikunahati (headball), swimming and different sports. In spite of the fact that the amusements have occurred for over ten years, this will be the first run through the occasion where interest is in competitors from Brazil and the entire globe coming to compete with each other. 1. The Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) It recognizes and characterizes all the items (deliverables) that the venture needs to create. The item breakdown structure will demonstrate the degree separated in a various leveled way and at its most minimal level every item (deliverable) will be distinguished. It is a compelling device that subtle elements the physical segments of a specific item or framework under thought (Gido Clements, 2014). In order for the event to be successful tasks will be divided into main categories i.e admiration, advertising campaign, Marketing products, Equipment, Venue, speakers, and sponsors. Under each of these, there will sub-categories as is illustrated below (Browning, 2014).The figure below illustrate the product breakdown structure for World Indigenous Games Figure 1: World Indigenous Games Product breakdown structure Critical Path A critical path is the longest arrangement of exercises in a task arrangement which must be finished on schedule for the undertaking to finish on the due date. A movement on the critical path cannot begin until its forerunner action is finished; in the event that it is deferred for a day, the whole venture will be postponed for a day unless the movement taking after the deferred movement is finished a day before (Maina, 2014). It generally turns into the expert schedule and consolidates the majority of your contractual responsibilities and due dates. It is definitely justified even despite your time to assemble one it is a crucial step that no expert occasion organizer would ever miss in light of the fact that missed contractual due dates can signify hundreds or a great many dollars in surprising wiping out and surge charges from suppliers and venues. Occasions happen progressively so the work arrangement ought to be a living report (Parker, I. (2014). In the diagram, E=Start, B-Ex amine feasibility, C= Organizing committee, D=develop event, E= Event day, F- Bid event, G=Obtain special equipment, H=Secure venue. The preparation up to the end of the event will take 20 days. Figure 2: Critical analysis In this outline, Activities A, B, C, D, and E include the longest way, while Activities F, G, and H are off the basic way with float of 15 days, 5 days, and 20 days individually. While exercises that are off the basic way have coast and are along these lines not postponing fruition of the task, those on the discriminating way will generally have discriminating way drag, i.e., they postpone venture finishing. The drag of a basic way action can be processed utilizing the accompanying recipe: 1) In the event that a discriminating way action has nothing in parallel, its drag is equivalent to its length of time. In this way A and E have drags of 10 days and 20 days separately. 2) In the event that a discriminating way action has another movement in parallel, its drag is equivalent to whichever is less: its length of time or the aggregate buoy of the parallel movement with the minimum aggregate buoy. In this manner since B and C are both parallel to F (buoy of 15) and H (float of 20), B ha s a span of 20 and drag of 15 (equivalent to F's float), while C has a length of time of just 5 days and subsequently drag of just 5. Action D, with a length of time of 10 days, is parallel to G (float of 5) and H (buoy of 20) and consequently its drag is equivalent to 5, the buoy of G. These outcomes, including the drag processing, permit managers to organize exercises for the compelling administration of undertaking culmination, and to abbreviate the arranged basic way of a venture by pruning discriminating way exercises, by "optimizing" (i.e., performing more exercises in parallel), and/or by "slamming the basic way" (i.e., shortening the spans of discriminating way exercises by including assets). 2. Planning, Implementing and Evaluation 2.1. Factors that Affect Successful World Indigenous Games Event planning Priorities In World Indigenous Games event planning, the need is producing income, and this need can now and again meddle with the arranging procedure of any task. If one is arranging an extensive development venture and the biggest client abruptly undermines to take their business to the rival, then you may need to hold the extension arranging until the client issue is determined. When one begins the arranging procedure for any undertaking, one have to dole out each of the issues confronting the organization a need rating. That need rating will figure out what issues will derail from the arranging of your task, and which issues can hold up until the methodology is finished (Pernecky, 2015). Organization Resources Having a thought and adding to an arrangement for World Indigenous Games can help the organizer to develop and succeed, yet in the event that the organization does not have the assets to make the arrangement meet up, it can slow down advancement. One of the first strides to any arranging procedure ought to be an assessment of the assets important to finish the undertaking, contrasted with the assets the organization has accessible. A percentage of the assets to consider are accounts, faculty, space prerequisites, access to materials and seller connections (Gargalianos, Toohey Stotlar, 2015). Forecasting The organizer of World Indigenous Games continually ought to be gauging to help plan for changes in the commercial center. Determining deals incomes, materials costs, faculty expenses and overhead expenses can help an organization arrangement for forthcoming undertakings. Without exact gauging, it can be hard to tell if the arrangement has any possibility of achievement, if the organization has the capacities to draw the arrangement and if the arrangement will help to reinforce the organization's remaining inside the business. Case in point, if your estimating for the expense of merchandise has changed because of a sudden increment in material expenses, then that can influence components of your item take off arrangement, including anticipated benefit and the long haul duty you may need to make to a supplier to attempt to get the most reduced value conceivable (Chan, 2015). Contingency Planning To effectively arrange, World Indigenous Games organizing committee needs to have an emergency course of action set up. On the chance that the organization has chosen to seek for another product offering, there is the necessity to be a piece of the arrangement that addresses the likelihood that the product offering will fall flat. The reallocation of World Indigenous Games assets, the adequate budgetary misfortunes, and the potential advertising issues that a fizzled item can bring about all need to be a piece of the authoritative arranging methodology from the earliest starting point. 2.2 Factor Affecting Successful Implementation of World Indigenous Games plan 1. Planning Without regulated arranging, change in an association is prone to break apart or cause a larger number of issues than advantages. One have to see precisely what changes will happen and how those progressions will happen. Case in point, in when transitioning to another substance administration framework, one will have to know whether the new framework is perfect with the old framework, how you will move the old data to the new framework and if there will be constrained access amid the move. Organizers need to allot parts to people who are in charge of the change so all obligations are secured. The course of events for the change is additionally a key part and downtime or challenges must be anticipated in finishing standard work assignments while the change happens (Ittner, Michels, 2015). 2. Absence of Consensus On the chance that all parties are not playing a part in the corporate changes, there are prone to face obstructions amid the procedure. The choice to actualize changes ought to originate from the top level of the association. All organizing committee members need to be ready and ready to manage the progressions or you may confront disagreement inside the staff. Everybody will not be on board right from the earliest starting point.] 3. Communication Neglecting to correspond with all representatives welcomes gossipy tidbits and trepidation into the working environment, especially in case you're confronting significant changes, for example, scaling down or a merger. Workers need to comprehend what's going on, whether it is sure or negative news. The inclination of instability, when the administration does not impart communication upsets work and makes workers, feel as though they aren't a piece of the choice. Keep workers overhauled consistently about the arrangements and advancement toward the change execution. Include all representatives however much as could reasonably be expected through gatherings or meetings to generate new ideas to help amid the arranging stage (Ellert et al., 2015). 4. Workforce Resistance At times, representatives oppose change. They get to be agreeable to the way the business is run. They know the desires and their part in the organization. At the point when a significant change disturbs their recognition, a few representatives get to be vexed. They would prefer not to relearn their occupations or change the way they do things. Supporting your workers and giving preparing to any new obligations can help facilitate the move (Ellert et al., 2015). 2.3 Hindrances to Evaluation of World Indigenous Games 1. Remedial Action It is not extraordinary for World Indigenous Games to change their key arrangements amid assessment. This is remedial activity. Yet some of the time the association must attempt remedial activity which totally updates the whole key arrangement. This implies that individuals assessing the system need to bring down the gauges or benchmarks of the technique. Bringing down the principles has the ramifications of reformulating the key arrangement, its objectives, and goals. This requires more assets and time (Boza et al., 2015). 2. Lack of cooperation Procedure assessment, similar to methodology usage, requires the participation and investment of administration and staff. Lamentably procedure assessment, being the last phase of methodology administration, is frequently disregarded. One of the reasons that organizers and staff may not consider procedure assessment important is on account of they see it as prolonged. Strategists subsequently confront the test of stressing the significance of assessment to figure out whether the association has met its vital objectives (Masterman, 2014). 3. Measurements One of the assignments in method assessment is measuring the consequences of the procedure execution. Keeping up objectivity in surveying and measuring the consequences of key arrangements is a real test. In spite of the fact that strategists use assessment instruments, for example, budgetary explanations, polls and meetings, a few ideas, for example, director sentiments or commitments are hard to quantify. In the event that the right apparatuses for measuring are accessible, then the methodology of key assessment gets to be easier. The absence of fitting measuring apparatuses eases off key assessment (Jones, 2014). 4. Reporting System assessments have some likeness with review reports, which can convey awful news now and again. Strategists confront the test of introducing a genuine report of the advancement of the vital arrangement. As in techniques for measuring results, objectivity is additionally a test amid the reporting of these outcomes. Inexorably not all faculty or partners will concur with the discoveries of the technique report. Strategists consequently confront the errand of displaying a reasonable report and one which does not trigger hierarchical clash (Tum et al., 2005). 3. Possible impacts in Planning and Implementation of World Indigenous Games Each business is influenced by macro-environmental strengths. They can build or abatement the requirement for the product, or make completely new product needs. Crude material expenses may be driven up or down. New target markets may be made or old ones changed. What's imperative for an organization is to distinguish those macro-environmental strengths that straightforwardly influence their business, which means understanding those powers and how to recognize and break down them (Raj, Walters, Rashid, 2013). 1. Demographics Demography alludes to the investigation of human populace particularly with reference to age, sex, instruction, occupation, salary size, thickness, geographic fixation and scattering urban and provincial populace, and so forth. Such data about the populace is of incredible noteworthiness to business, not just aides in selecting of things to deliver, additionally help to choose the channel of appropriation promoting media, decision of advertising techniques and different business choices. The expected number of people in the venue are 5,0000 and above (Raj, Walters Rashid, 2013). The decision of assembling or exchanging site would be affected by the measure of the populace. Nonetheless, the enhanced transport offices has empowered the purchasers to shop at far off spots, the venders might in this manner now and then find that settlement in thickly populated ranges may be and they might rather offer products and administrations at significantly lower costs by finding themselves a bit away, accordingly pulling in more clients. The arrangement prompts the legislature to offer base and essential offices at less expensive rates to pull in business in reverse areas. This is turn advantages the World Indigenous Games event, not just regarding the lower expense of such offices additionally the work accessible at lower rates. It likewise serves to add to all the ancillaries and supporting the business. For instance, foundation of a bond manufacturing plant or steel plant in the retrogressive territory will produce job in the production line itself as well as an undeniable business sector to pander to the utilization and different needs of those workers should likewise come up. So World Indigenous Games event will have the chance to secure flask/lodgings, material shop, diversion focuses, and temporary stores medicinal shops, etc. Also, the administration dependably looks to the demographic contemplations regarding their permitting strategy (Getz, 2012). World Indigenous Games event need to be mindful of changes in the all-inclusive community. Significant changes in ethnicity are basic to distinguish. Watch populace movements to check whether the populaces in urban areas, rural areas or rustic zone are changing to figure out whether sections of the populace are abandoning one region for another. The same remains constant for geographic territories. In Brazil past demographic patterns would incorporate the movement from urban areas to rural areas in the 50s and 60s, the maturing of the Baby Boomer era presently, the development of the Hispanic populace throughout the most recent 20 years and the developing acknowledgement of the gay group as of late. 2. Economic Environment of Business The monetary environment of business has reference to the wide attributes of the financial framework in which the business firm works. The present-day financial environment of business is a blend of national and universal situations. In Brazil, the current monetary environment of business is very mind boggling and it is not simple to appreciate it. It is the reason the organizations working in the same financial environment frequently take diverse choices. The business division has monetary relations with the administration, capital business sector, and family part. These distinctive parts together impact the patterns and structure of the economy. Exclusively business firms can do little to change their monetary surroundings (Bowdin et al., 2010). i.National Environment The Brazil financial state of a nation, for instance, level of wage, conveyance of salary and resources, monetary assets, and phases of advancement are among the imperative determinants of business systems. Monetary conditions are those powers in the economy, for example, customer purchasing force, buyer spending conduct and the business cycle, that impact associations capacities to contend and customers readiness and capacity to buy products and administrations. In nations, where speculation and wage are consistently and quickly rising, business prospects are, for the most part, splendid and further ventures are empowered. There are various market analysts and representative who feel that the created nations are no more beneficial suggestions for the venture on the grounds that their financial matters have come to pretty much immersion levels in specific regards. The low pay may be the explanation for low interest for an item in a nation. Anyway, the firm is not able to build the ac quiring force of the individuals to produce a higher interest for its item. Thus, it may need to decrease the cost of the item to build the deals. The lessening in the expense of generation may be effected to encourage value decrease. It may even be important to concoct or build up an amazing failure cost item to suit the low salary market (Allen et al., 2010). ii.Global Environment The earth comprises of those variables which have an effect on the outside exchange of a nation. Those components may be outside approach, global bargains and remote venture arrangement and different acts which are concerned with the dealings with different nations in exchange matters. With the charges in government and their strategies, there will be the change in global environment. With the presentation of financial changes and the strategy of liberalization in our nation, our fares have expanded significantly and numerous remote organizations began to exchange with our nation. 3. Socio-Cultural Environment The social environment of World Indigenous Games comprises of the class structure and portability, social parts, the nature of the social association and advancement of the social establishment. Essentially the class structure in the general public relies on the control of individuals and their salary levels. In country zones, the word related gatherings comprise of ranchers, artisans, and conventional specialty specialists. There is the little extent of versatility among the social classes in such a general public. The urban territories are contained specialists, engineers, attorneys, programming experts, mechanical laborers, government workers and additionally representatives (Holmes et al., 2015). The portability among such individuals is contrasted with be high. In an urban social setting, business development and improvement are taking into account current social gatherings and social organizations. Anyhow, then again, the country society is additional all the more requesting as respects the social obligations of the business. The expression "society" incorporates values, standards, truths, and conduct designs. Each Society in Brazil creates its own way of life over a period and this society decides, how its individuals act and interface with one another. Since the general public is an accumulation of the associations and social organizations, it is clear that they are influenced to an impressive degree by social powers in the earth (Li et al., 2014). The social standards are those principles that form conduct, mentality, and estimations of those individuals who constitute a general public. They are measures, on the grounds that individuals consider them in their choices and conduct. As such, one can say that conduct and demeanor really mirror the overarching standards inside a general public or an association. Each association builds up its own particular inner society. The administration or supervisors by and large to make, that will help to keep up a typical conduct. The associations are upheld by three legs: suspicions, qualities, and objective. Each of these legs has the critical impact in the life of an association (Grnig, Khn, 2015). In a present day business, social and social strengths more often than not impact the welfare of a business concern over the long haul. The way of merchandise and administrations popular relies on the adjustments in propensities and traditions of individuals in the general public. With ascend in the populace the interest for family and in addition different merchandise has expanded. The way of sustenance and attire example has additionally changed all things considered. All these power the business to create merchandise in like manner. So the social and social variables have influenced the generation example of business (Grnig Khn, 2015). 4. Physical and Technological Environment 1. Physical Environment Natural parity might likewise be bothered. All these are certain to have an effect on business choices. The use of present day innovation in industry, it is currently felt, prompts fast financial development at an immense social expense of crumbling of the physical environment in Brazil, i.e., water, contamination, air contamination, commotion contamination, etc. The way of such expenses is being evaluated by scientists, biologists, sociologists, shoppers and moderates. In the high of this, much speak is there about the social obligations of the business. The business now needs to figure the social net productivity of its ventures. In this count business must consider the physical natural variables, for example, the amount and nature of existing riches, possibility of rain, the abuse of ocean items like fish, the wellbeing risks out of contamination, social expenses of quick urbanization and industrialization and so forth (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). 2. Technological Environment The technological environment comprises of those components identified with information connected and the materials and machines used in technology and administrations that have an effect on the matter of an association. In Brazil, the condition of technological advancement is steady diverse parts of the business. The technological part of rivalry shifts with client needs and government approach. Remote specialized coordinated efforts are prevalent in Brazil yet subjected to strict regulation in regards to indigenization, the effect on nearby mechanical advancement and vocation send out responsibilities and so forth. The mechanical advancements are solid and pervasive compel in the business environment. Despite the fact that innovation can be gainful for business, it can likewise have unfavorable impacts. Innovation can influence business in two noteworthy ways (Henderson McIlwraith, 2013). 3. Impact of innovation on society Innovation influences the general public. Indeed, we feel its impact on regular life. It influences monetary development and our way of life. Notwithstanding, while a percentage of the impacts of innovation are exceedingly valuable, others are negative (De Blasio, Fantino Pellegrini, 2014). Impact of innovation on business The innovation additionally influences the business operations. It additionally has extremely solid, direct impacts on such business exercises as creation, item improvement, vocation, back, promoting and data, preparing. The impacts of innovation on World Indigenous Games event can be greatly helpful or amazingly destructive to business associations. Ordinarily, mechanical headway dependably prompts change during the time spent creation, transportation and correspondence. Change in innovation is basically connected with the better administration and expense proficiency. Presently a day's electronic apparatuses have supplanted electrical hardware change generally. Business exercises are bond to endure if endeavors do not receive breakthrough innovation as and when important. So the business firms are all that much needed to pay consideration to the changing mechanical environment and to see in the matter of how new advancements can serve best to the human needs (De Blasio, Fantino Pe llegrini, 2014). 4. The Organizers planning and Implementation Phases 1. Event location and venue Picking an occasion venue is not as straightforward as it may appear. The assignment is not just looking to pick an area to oblige the quantity of visitors on the welcome rundown. The methodology if much more perplexing, discovering the right space as the occasion venue can be very troublesome. It gets to be considerably harder to work out in the event that one is not certain of the qualities one is looking for in a venue. Competitive bidding was employed and a bidding nation Brazil given the opportunity. Beneath however is a rundown of tips to facilitate the quest for that immaculate occasion venue. Suitability: Verify that the venue fit the organization's picture and adverts to participants involvement in a positive manner. Brazil is a dynamic and cosmopolitan country. The seating of the venue is suitable, have enough changing rooms sufficiently huge and very much ventilated. Also the lighting and sound must is adequate. The objective is to verify that visitors feel great and conce ntrated on the motivation and substance. Consider the Sound: One essential thing one ought to consider when picking the venue is the sound. It is critical how clamor conveys all through the rooms. The sound in the selected venue have no reverberation impact that can aggravate and misshape the sound. The individuals at the end of the room can hear everything from the front. It is urgent to verify that the rooms have quality Audio/Visual gear; generally the visitors may not get what they anticipated from the occasion. Networking: At the point when searching for an immaculate venue, search for a place that upgrades organizing. In the venue, there is furnished clean bar or eatery for amusement and business after the occasion. Location: The location chosen is effortlessly open. Unless there is arrangement transportation for the guests, there is nearby streets and open transport. While going to the venue there is the consideration on calmness of the location, security, proximity, and ame nities. Parking: It is self-evident. The occasion venue contains a space where the visitors stop their vehicles. There is sufficient and secure space for the majority of the visitors touching base with their own particular autos, near to the venue and sufficiently bright. 2. Program planning There are numerous advantages of arranging ahead when running a World Indigenous Games event. World Indigenous Games event arrangement incorporates considering the occasion three to twelve months ahead of time, particularly because of the sizable attendants that will be more than five thousand individuals. The motivation behind why there is abundant measure of time is on account that there is need to verify the capacity to oversee setbacks, secure suppliers, and have a lot of time to market and advance your occasion. Before inquiring about potential venues or reaching excitement and caterers, one will need to be clear about the reason for the occasion. When sure about the reason for the occasion, one will have the capacity to the organization it appropriately to help achieve the objective. When sure about the reason, one needs to choose a date, time, topic, rough number of individuals attending, and essential contact individual. Most suppliers will need to know this data when you boo k their administrations/items (Smith Calder, 2014). 3. Event promotion Expanding mindfulness and catching interest, consideration and duty are the key exercises World Indigenous Games organizers participate in conveying ideal agent numbers at the occasion. Occasions have a fortunate reputation in surpassing focuses on representative numbers and supporter enlistment and maintenance. The organizers use attempted and trusted systems to effectively connect with your potential crowd through push and force promoting strategies. Furthermore, together with World Indigenous Games exhaustive event administrations, there is needed to catch greatest agent enlistment and patron enrollment. There is likewise use online networking showcasing methods and the perpetually extending territory to correspond with your gathering of people. The World Indigenous Games being globally attracts big corporation owing to the magnitude of people attending as well as the viewers in their living rooms World Indigenous Games (Calahane, et al., 2015). 4. Sponsorship Occasions that are fruitful in securing support frequently have a lot of individuals included and have a certain core interest groups. It's a smart thought to have an extensive variety of levels so that littler organizations and also bigger organizations can locate a level that suits their needs and spending plan. World Indigenous Games constructed the sponsors levels in light of the advantages to the organization by putting cost on every advantage it will be offered and include the costs in every level. This issues a thought as to the expense of a sponsorship at every level (McDonnell Moir, 2014). World Indigenous Games makes consideration on corporate territories of concentration: Some organizations make duties to just support certain gatherings, for example, youngsters or ecological associations. In order to get potential support thoughts converse with the board, staff and volunteers to examine thoughts and associations (Chien, Cornwell Pappu, 2015). 5 .Contract management Contract management is the administration of agreement made with clients, sellers, accomplices, or workers. The faculty included in Contract Administration is to arrange, bolster and oversee viable contracts are costly to prepare and hold. Contract administration incorporates arranging the terms and conditions in contracts and guaranteeing consistence with the terms and conditions, and additionally recording and concurring on any progressions or changes that may emerge amid its usage or execution. It can be abridged as the procedure of deliberately and effectively overseeing contract creation, execution, and investigation with the end goal of boosting budgetary and operational execution and minimizing danger. It is essential all through the whole methodology of the agreement cycle and not exactly at honor process, viable contract administration will bear profits for both supplier and buyer to guarantee an all-around oversaw exchanging understanding in reasonable and logistical terms. It is all the more about living up to expectations in the organization through collaboration and consistent intercourse than simply depending upon contractual terms to tie the supplier to the client. Having a committed group on both sides will cause more noteworthy profitability and enhance proficiency whilst keeping up a stronger relationship bond between the gatherings to work towards the benefit of everyone of conveying on the contractual desires (Du Du, 2015). 6. Procurement Procurement is the securing of merchandise, administrations or works from an outside source. It is positive that the products, administrations or works are proper and that they are secured at the best conceivable expense to address the issues of the acquirer regarding quality and amount, time, and location. World Indigenous Games event characterize methods proposed to advance reasonable and open rivalry for their business while minimizing presentation to misrepresentation and arrangement (Rita Krapfel, 2015). World Indigenous Games event organizers are utilizing the economies of scale to attain to enhanced evaluating and speedier cost decrease is an essential in any effective obtainment outsourcing course of action. Be that as it may, work arbitrage advantages are likewise habitually accomplished joined with key staff being permit to re-concentrate on center exercises. Past this, further key advantages appear as World Indigenous Games event furnish customers with the pro classificat ion aptitudes and area learning that reliably beats interior assets, which may not exist in any case, especially in ungoverned high consumption regions like over spend. The emphasis on supplier relationship administration drives better engagement and coordinated effort with key merchants securing incremental quality open doors and confirmation of supply in business discriminating key classifications (Ferris, 2015). 7. Human resource management World Indigenous Games event managers, even in moderately unassuming occasions, are human asset supervisors. The capacity of the event director of World Indigenous Games event requires, creating sets of expectations, promoting positions, meeting individuals for positions in the occasion group apportioning work , preparing individuals for positions, overseeing execution, setting levels of pay, or fiscal prizes and expressing gratitude toward colleagues and perceiving magnificence (Naidu Chand, 2015). The above human asset administration errands are essential to the accomplishment of the World Indigenous Games event all that much relies on upon how the individuals from the occasion group perform. Such errands will need to be done from the minute the arranging stage starts straight up to the end of the occasion, and once in a while longer. World Indigenous Games event may require several individuals to be included in a full-time, low maintenance, foreman, easygoing and intentional prem ise (Jamali, El Dirani Harwood, 2015). Conclusion Event management obliges an individual to be intelligent and vigorous in nature. Keeping in mind the end goal to arrange and deal with an occasion, it is essential to arrange and compose the occasion so they don't face issues later on. Individuals who are included in this procedure are obliged to have abilities that make them imaginative and concoct new methods and thoughts. An occasion must be finished in an effective way when they are finished in the recommended time and inside the monetary allowance that is assigned for this reason. Amid the methodology of occasion administration, the chief is obliged to concentrate on a few components that would encourage them to do the procedure affectively. In arranging of the occasion, the whole process needs to be followed in a sorted out way. The principal step is to arrange the whole occasion and make the financial backing that would be needed for this procedure. The site of the occasion is additionally imperative in such manner on the grounds that a decent site would dependably pull in individuals and the accomplishment of the occasion may be reliant on this element. It ought to additionally be realized that the occasion ought to be composed by the timetable that was made in the occasion administration. References Allen, J., (2002). The Business of Event Planning: Behind the Scenes Secrets of Successful Special Events. Wiley Canada, Misssisauga, Ontario. Allen, J., OToole, W., McDonnell, I., Harris, J., (2010). Festival and Special Event Management, 5th edition. Wiley, London. Bowdin, G., Allen, J., OToole, W., Harris, R., McDonnell, I. (2010). Events management, 3rd edition, Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Boza, A., Cortes, B., Alemany, M. D. M. E., Vicens, E. (2015). Event Monitoring Software Application for Production Planning Systems. In Enhancing Synergies in a Collaborative Environment (pp. 123-130). Springer International Publishing. Browning, T. R. (2014). Managing complex project process models with a process architecture framework. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), 229-241. Calahane, D., DAngelo, M., Whitehouse, H., Abrahams, A., Barter, M., Brown, T., ... Gardner, R. (2014). Fashion Promotion Student Presentations: Retail Promotional Campaigns. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Cengage Learning. Chan, G. S. H. (2015). Part-Time Event Management Employee Expected Quality of Work Life. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(5), p233. Chien, P. M., Cornwell, T. B., Pappu, R. (2015, January). The effects of sponsorship portfolio on consumer associations of the sponsor brand. In Proceedings of the 2008 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 22-22). Springer International Publishing. De Blasio, G., Fantino, D., Pellegrini, G. (2014). Evaluating the impact of innovation incentives: evidence from an unexpected shortage of funds. Industrial and Corporate Change, dtu027. Du, G., Du, P. (2015, April). Research on the Synergy Management Mechanism of the Project Contract Using Management Based on the Multi-sided Matching Decision Method. In 2015 International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering. Atlantis Press. Ellert, G., Schafmeister, G., Wawrzinek, D., Gassner, H. (2015). Expect the unexpected New perspectives on uncertainty management and value logics in event management. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 6(1), 54-72. Ellert, G., Schafmeister, G., Wawrzinek, D., Gassner, H. (2015). Expect the unexpected New perspectives on uncertainty management and value logics in event management. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 6(1), 54-72. Ferris, J. M. (2015). PROCUREMENT COSTS AND TOOL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS: DETERMINING CONSTRAINTS ON LITHIC TOOLSTONE SELECTION IN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR. Lithic Technological Systems and Evolutionary Theory, 139. Gargalianos, D., Toohey, K., Stotlar, D. K. (2015). Olympic Games Complexity Model (OGCM). Event Management, 19(1), 47-55. Getz, D. (2012). Event Studies, 2nd edition. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Gido, J., Clements, J. (2014). Successful project management. Cengage Learning. Grnig, R., Khn, R. (2015). Global Environmental Analysis. In The Strategy Planning Process (pp. 89-96). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Grnig, R., Khn, R. (2015). Strategy Planning Process. In The Strategy Planning Process (pp. 41-52). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Henderson, E. and McIlwraith, M. (2013) Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Meetings and Events Industry, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Holmes, K., Hughes, M., Mair, J., Carlsen, J. (2015). Events and Sustainability. Routledge. Ittner, C. D., Michels, J. (2015). Risk-Based Forecasting and Planning and Management Earnings Forecasts. Jamali, D. R., El Dirani, A. M., Harwood, I. A. (2015). Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: the CSR HRM co creation model. Business Ethics: A European Review. Jones, M. L. (2014). Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Li, S., Guo, L., Ren, S., De Barro, P. J., Qiu, B. L. (2014). Hosting major international events leads to pest redistributions. Biodiversity and conservation, 23(5), 1229-1247. Maina, J. M. (2014). Critical Path Analysis And Pert Charts (Doctoral dissertation). Masterman, G. (2014). Strategic sports event management. Routledge. McDonnell, I. and Moir, M. (2014) Event Sponsorship, Oxon: Routledge. Naidu, S., Chand, A. (2015). Exploring the impact of international human resource management practices on firm performance. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 11(1), 19-33. Parker, I. (2014). Discourse dynamics: Critical analysis for social and individual psychology. Routledge. Pernecky, T. (2015). Sustainable Leadership in Event Management. Event Management, 19(1), 109-121. Raj, R., Walters, P., Rashid, T. (2013). Events management: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, London: Sage. Rita, P., Krapfel, R. (2015). Collaboration and Competition in Buyer-Supplier Relations: The Role of Information in Supply Chain and e-Procurement Impacted Relationships. In Assessing the Different Roles of Marketing Theory and Practice in the Jaws of Economic Uncertainty (pp. 98-105). Springer International Publishing. Smith, C. P., Calder, F. R. (2014). News and Events. Minnesota Law Review, 99(1). Tum, J., Norton, P., Nevan Wright, J. (2005) Management of event operations. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

The Evolution of the Scarlet Letter free essay sample

Throughout the story, the reader can clearly identify the contrast of Hester’s views of her scarlet letter from the beginning of the book to the end. The defiance and ignorance of Hester is clearly visible when Hester is being questioned on the pedestal by Reverend Mr. Wilson. â€Å"Speak out thy name! That, and thy repentance, may avail to take the scarlet letter off thy breast. †¦Never! It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine! † (47). This dialogue between Reverend Mr. Wilson and Hester clearly defines Hester’s thoughts and feelings towards her sin at the beginning of the book. It exposes Hester’s lack of self-acceptance of her adultery crime when she refuses to give out the name of the father of the baby. Further into the book, it is established Hester is a different woman who slowly defines herself as a sinner but an acceptor of her sin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After several years have passed since her sin, Hester is separated from the community but becomes very important to it with her needle work. She slowly morphs into a kind, helping community member who helps the less fortunate. All in all, Hester is a more confident and accepting person of herself and her life through the beginning of the book to the end. As it did for herself, it takes the villagers of Puritan Boston time to accept Hester. It is clearly noted at an early stage in the book that the villagers are not accepting of Hester. Every time she gets an odd stare from a villager, she feels a torture from the villager. â€Å"Another peculiar torture was felt in the gaze of a new eye. When strangers looked curiously at the scarlet letter, and none ever failed to do so, the branded it afresh into Hester’s soul; so that, oftentimes, she could scarcely refrain, yet always did refrain, from covering the symbol with her hand (59). Time heals all wounds, and it takes people time to see who Hester Prynne really is. As the book progresses, they start to notice Hester is simply a woman who made a mistake, but is also helping around the community with her needle work, showing her true colors. At the end of the book, not only is Hester accepting of herself, but even some of the villagers begin to accept her. Hester’s daughter Pearl perhaps goes through the book with little understanding behind the scarlet letter. Early in the book, Pearl teases Hester for wearing the scarlet letter, often questioning and playing with it. She does not understand the full concept behind it, just that it is normal for her particular mother to wear. Towards the end of the book when she sees her mother not wearing it, she becomes confused. She is on the other side of the brook in the woods with Hester and Arthur Dimmesdale. It is at this point in time that Pearl cannot see Hester as being her mother without seeing the scarlet letter. Pearl still pointed with her forefinger; and a frown gathered on her brow; the more impressive from the childish, the almost baby-like aspect of the features that conveyed it† (143). Even though she often uses it to taunt Hester, Pearl is a constant reminder of Hester’s sin and is always making sure she has her scarlet letter. Although it is mentioned the narr ator in the custom house is not Nathaniel Hawthorne, they are both very similar. The narrator is carefully constructed as being similar to Hester in the sense that they are both isolated by people whom they have no connection to. The author feels this way working in the custom house surrounded by old men. â€Å"I am a citizen of somewhere else† (31). Hester, of course, is isolated from the rest of the community because of her sin. Even though the narrator feels he will be criticized for attempting to make a writing career, he makes a fictional account of Hester’s story anyways. Writing for him is similar to needle work for Hester, and it is a further comparison of two similar characters. The author evolves Hester into himself, and it is made clear that is his intention. In conclusion, the evolution of Hester, the villagers, Pearl, and the author of the scarlet letter that Hester wears is generally seen as acceptance of her and her sin. The author develops Hester into a woman who gradually becomes comfortable with the idea of herself and her sin. Although Pearl never clearly understands it, she recognizes that her mother will forever be a sinner, but is still her mother. The villagers at first heckle Hester of her scarlet letter, but begin to see her true colors. In short, The Scarlet Letter is a showcase of the evolution of the characters in the book.

Einsteinium Facts - Element 99 or Es

Einsteinium Facts - Element 99 or Es   Einsteinium is a soft silver radioactive metal with atomic number 99 and element symbol Es. Its intense radioactivity makes it glow blue in the dark. The element is named in honor of Albert Einstein.   Discovery Einsteinium was first identified in the fallout from the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, the Ivy Mike nuclear test. Albert Ghiorso and his team at the University of California at Berkeley, together with Los Alamos and Argonne National Laboratories, detected and later synthesized Es-252, which exhibits a characteristic alpha decay with an energy of 6.6 MeV. The American team jokingly named element 99 pandamonium because the Ivy Mike test had been codenamed Project Panda, but the name they officially proposed was einsteinium, with element symbol E. The IUPAC approved the name but went with the symbol Es. The American team competed with a Swedish team at the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm for credit discovering elements 99 and 100 and naming them. The Ivy Mike test had been classified. The American team published results in 1954, with the test results declassified in 1955. The Swedish team published results in 1953 and 1954. Properties of Einsteinium Einsteinium is a synthetic element, probably not found naturally. Primordial einsteinium (from when the Earth formed), if it existed, would have decayed by now. Successive neutron capture events from uranium and thorium could theoretically produce natural einsteinium. At present, the element is only produced in nuclear reactors or from nuclear weapon tests. It is made by bombarding other actinides with neutrons. Although not a lot of element 99 has been made, it is the highest atomic number produced in sufficient quantities to be seen in its pure form. One problem studying einsteinium is that radioactivity of the element damages its crystal lattice. Another consideration is that einsteinium samples quickly become contaminated as the element decays into daughter nuclei. For example, Es-253 decays into Bk-249 and then Cf-249 at the rate of about 3% of the sample per day. Chemically, einsteinium behaves much like other actinides, which are essentially radioactive transition metals. Its a reactive element that exhibits multiple oxidation states and forms colored compounds. The most stable oxidation state is 3, which is pale pink in aqueous solution. The 2 phase has been shown in a solid state, making it the first divalent actinide. The 4 state is predicted for the vapor phase but has not been observed. In addition to glowing in the dark from radioactivity, the element releases heat on the order of 1000 watts per gram. The metal is noteworthy for being paramagnetic. All isotopes of einsteinium are radioactive. At least nineteen nuclides and three nuclear isomers are known. The isotopes range in atomic weight from 240 to 258. The most stable isotope is Es-252, which has a half-life of 471.7 days. Most isotopes decay within 30 minutes. One nuclear isomer of Es-254 has a half-life of 39.3 hours. The uses of einsteinium are limited by the small quantities available and how quickly its isotopes decay. It is used for scientific research to learn about the elements properties and to synthesize other superheavy elements. For example, in 1955 einsteinium was used to produce the first sample of the element mendelevium. Based on animal studies (rats), einsteinium is considered a toxic radioactive element. Over half of ingested Es is deposited in bones, where it remains for 50 years. A quarter goes to the lungs. A fraction of a percent goes to reproductive organs. About 10% is excreted. Einsteinium Properties Element Name: einsteinium Element Symbol: Es Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Weight: (252) Discovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (USA) 1952 Element Group: actinide, f-block element, transition metal Element Period: period 7 Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f11  7s2 (2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2) Density (room temperature):  8.84  g/cm3 Phase: solid metal Magnetic Order: paramagnetic Melting Point:  1133  K   (860  Ã‚ °C, 1580  Ã‚ °F) Boiling Point:  1269  K (996  Ã‚ °C, 1825  Ã‚ °F)  predicted Oxidation States:  2,  3, 4 Electronegativity: 1.3 on the Pauling scale Ionization Energy:  1st:  619  kJ/mol Crystal Structure: face-centered cubic (fcc) References: Glenn T. Seaborg, The Transcalifornium Elements., Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 36.1 (1959) p 39.

Definition and Examples of Abstract Nouns in English

Definition and Examples of Abstract Nouns in English In English grammar, an abstract noun  is a  noun or noun phrase  that names an idea, event, quality or concept - for example, courage, freedom, progress, love, patience, excellence and friendship.  An abstract noun names something that cant be physically touched. Contrast that with a  concrete noun. According to A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, abstract nouns are typically non-observable and nonmeasurable.†Ã‚  But, as James Hurford explains, the distinction between abstract nouns and  other common nouns is relatively unimportant, as far as grammar is concerned. (James Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994) Examples and Observations Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired.(Robert Frost)Her face, which was long and dark chocolate brown, had a thin sheet of sadness over it, as light but as permanent as the viewing gauze on a coffin.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainties.(Erich Fromm)Silence can be  a source of great strength.Men say they love independence in a woman, but they dont waste a second demolishing it brick by brick.(Candice Bergen, quoted by Catherine Breslin in The Mistress Condition. Dutton, 1976)When love is gone, theres always justice.And when justice is gone, theres always force.And when force is gone, theres always Mom.Hi, Mom!(Laurie Anderson, O Superman. 1981)Fear is the main source of superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom.(Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish. Unpopular Essays. Simon Schuster Inc., 1950) More than any other time in history, mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness. The other, to total extinction. Let us pray we have the wisdom to choose correctly.(Woody Allen, My Speech to the Graduates. The New York Times, 1979) The Nature of Abstract Nouns Abstract and concrete are usually defined together or in terms of each other. The abstract is that which exists only in our minds, that which we cannot know through our senses. It includes qualities, relationships, conditions, ideas, theories, states of being, fields of inquiry and the like. We cannot know a quality such as consistency directly through our senses; we can only see or hear about people acting in ways that we come to label consistent. (William Vande Kopple, Clear and Coherent Prose. Scott Foresman Co., 1989) Countable and Uncountable Abstract Nouns Although abstract nouns tend to be uncountable (courage, happiness, news, tennis, training), many are countable (an hour, a joke, a quantity). Others can be both, often with shifts of meaning from general to particular (great kindness/many kindnesses).(Tom McArthur, Abstract and Concrete. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) Inflection of Abstract Nouns [M]any abstract nouns are generally not inflected for number (lucks, nauseas) or they do not occur in the possessive (the commitments time). (M. Lynne Murphy and Anu Koskela, Key Terms in Semantics. Continuum, 2010) The Grammatical Unimportance of Abstract Nouns [R]ecognizing abstract nouns is relatively unimportant, as far as grammar is concerned. This is because there are few, if any, particular grammatical properties that affect just the set of abstract nouns. ... One suspects that the reason for the recurrent mention of abstract nouns is the clash between their (abstract) meanings and the traditional definition of a noun as the name of a person, place or thing. The existence of obvious nouns such as liberty, action, sin and time is a sore embarrassment to such a definition, and the pragmatic response has been to apply a distinctive label to the problematic words. (James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994) The Lighter Side of Abstract Nouns It represents Discipline, said Mr. Etherege. ... And to the uninstructed mind, Uniformity. His abstract nouns were audibly furnished with capital letters. But the latter notion is fallacious.No doubt, said Fen. He perceived that this incipient homily required punctuation rather than argument.Fallacious, Mr. Etherege proceeded, because the attempt to produce Uniformity inevitably accentuates  Eccentricity. It makes Eccentricity, as it were, safe. (Bruce Montgomery [aka Edmund Crispin], Love Lies Bleeding. Vintage, 1948)

Controls for Information Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controls for Information Security - Essay Example The combination of preventive, detective and corrective controls are suitable for the security of an organization’s information system because the multiple control layers work together to avoid a single point of failure. The detective controls comprise of log analysis, intrusion detection systems and constant monitoring of the system (Romney, et al, 2012). Similarly, the preventive mechanism identifies the probability of an attack and initiates control measures, such as IT solutions, physical security or change of controls and management. The preventive control functions towards identifying and blocking the malicious risk. It involves the observation of safe computing practices that hinder unwarranted access by others. After the prevention measures, the corrective controls ensure that the affected data can be restored to usefulness. Considering this, the combination or the detective, preventive and corrective controls work through the entire systems by recognizing threats both internally and externally. Controls must always be in place in an organizational system since they protect the deletion, copying or transfer of data. This implies that controls also serve as data security that may reach the hands of unauthorized parties. It is essential to install all the control strategies that function together towards achieving the organizational performance (Romney, et al, 2012). This is because it is easy to thwart fraud cases that might involve the fabrication of data to suit the cybercriminals.

Aircraft Maintenance Training Needs Coursework

Aircraft Maintenance Training Needs - Coursework Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA . 45 Presentation of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . 60 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 THE FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Testing Hypothesis No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Testing Hypothesis No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Testing Hypothesis No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Testing Hypothesis No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Testing Hypothesis No. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Testing Hypothesis No. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Testing Hypothesis No. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Abstract The interest of this dissertation is to ascertain the needs of aircraft maintenance training in both the commercial and light aviation sectors in the U K. Apparently there is huge shortage of licensed engineers as per... The aerospace industries which is at the forefront of wealth production worldwide, and continue to be of crucial importance to the economic strength of the UK rely on skills in a sound understanding of engineering and science areas relating to aircraft design and manufacture. Avionics institutions productions and outputs in terms of graduates in the field of engineering were surveyed by way of mailed questionnaires to gain the perspective on the prospects of manpower supply to satisfy the demand for avionics engineers. It was also geared towards awareness of the limiting factors confronting potential candidates for training. The study revealed that: all male composed the aircraft maintenance engineers' population; Most of the respondents were 36 - 40 years old (16 or 53.33 %) which is the highest value, and it is in close proximity to the retirement age; Majority of the respondents were married; Majority of the respondents were bachelor's degree holder only; The present numbers of master's degree holder and post graduate degree holder will increase in the near future; Minimal numbers of qualified aircraft maintenance engineers are in the UK airlines; The higher is the educational attainment of the respondents, the lower is their frequency; The respondents know that there is aircraft maintenance training in

Analyzing Talk Among Friends Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Talk Among Friends Essay In the preceding example, the utterance Ahma git me Ð ° gig! was interpreted differently by the participants in the interaction. So the question to be asked about Ahma git me Ð ° gig! is, what does it mean (how did the listeners arrive at their understandings), and what particular features of language and/or social situation signal that meaning? To arrive at an understanding of what the utterance meant, interpretations are not constructed solely from the speakers perspective but are also gathered from the participants who heard the utterance. Later, others may be asked to listen to Ð ° recording and share their understandings of the utterance(s). Then, the analysts task is to make an in-depth study of the selected instances of verbal interaction, observe whether or not actors understand each other, elicit participants interpretations of what goes on, and then (Ð °) deduce the social assumptions that speakers must have in order to act as they do, and (b) determine empirically how linguistic signs communicate in the interpretation process ( Gumperz 1982: 35). In the analysis of the example noted here, for instance, Gumperz was able to show that most white speakers did not seem to understand the utterance other than as Ð ° lapse into dialect or saw the switch to Black English as Ð ° rejection of whites and the speaker addressing himself only to other black students. Black students, however, explained the students remark as an attempt to justify himself by appealing to others in the group, Іm just playing the game as we blacks must do if we are to get along in Ð ° white world, while also identifying Ð ° particular rhythm in the utterance that led them to their interpretation. Thus, features of language carry social meaning that plays Ð ° significant role in interpreting what speakers mean (see Gumperz 1982: 29-37 for Ð ° detailed explanation of this example and its interpretation). While this example should make any interpreter wonder how they are interpreting meaning of speakers who differ in some way, such as region of the country, age, ethnicity, gender, my point here is about the analysis of natural language and how discourse analysts determine what speakers mean and how language conveys elements of meaning. Using these methods to analyze interpreted discourse is Ð ° way of understanding how the participants in an interpreted interaction understand each other at the time. Gumperz proposed that Ð ° theory of discourse must take into account both the linguistic and socio-cultural knowledge that an interlocutor must have to maintain involvement in an interaction, Accounting for such knowledge demonstrates two things: (1) meanings are jointly constructed between speakers as they talk, and (2) conversations contain internal evidence of their outcomes, that is, the ways in which participants share, partially share, or do not share, mutual conventions for meaning and how they succeed in achieving their communicative ends. Tannen reached Ð ° similar conclusion. She called such linguistic and social knowledge conventions by which meaning is communicated in social interaction (1984: 151). In Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends, Tannen (1984) analyzed two and Ð ° half hours of conversation over Ð ° Thanksgiving dinner. She defined and discussed features of conversational involvement, such as topic, pacing (how relatively fast or slow one spoke), narrative strategies (in what order events are told, how speakers made their point, etc.), and expressive paralinguistic (intonation, pitch, and others), which together pattern in different ways the speech of different participants. For three of the speakers, these features combined in acceptable ways of having Ð ° conversation, but three other speakers experienced the same conversation as unusual and their participation faltered. When speakers share conventions for signaling meaning, they can be said to share Ð ° conversational style ( Tannen 1984). Tannens approach to studying discourse, modeled after Gumperz, is characterized by (1) recording naturally occurring conversations; (2) identifying segments in which communication may seem to flounder or be troublesome; (3) looking for patterned differences in signaling meaning that could account for trouble; (4) playing the recording, or segment of it, back to participants to elicit their spontaneous interpretations and reactions, and also, perhaps later, eliciting their responses to the researchers interpretations; and (5) playing segments of the interaction for other members of the cultural groups represented by the speakers to discern patterns of interpretation. Tannens study suggests that within an interpreted interaction speakers who do not share Ð ° common language also have conversational styles that they do not necessarily share with the interpreter. For example, Tannen (1994) has demonstrated that Ð ° discourse approach to gender and language, following in the tradition of Gumperz, can be understood by looking for differences in the way women and men signal meaning in conversation. This has great implications for interpreters: what happens when interpreter’s do not share Ð ° conversational style with one or both speakers? Many interpreters are women who interpret for men. Do they understand male strategies for asking questions or giving information? Do men understand female strategies? As her research demonstrates, the notion of cross-cultural encompasses more than just speakers of different languages or from different countries; it includes speakers from the same country of different class, region, age, and even gender ( Tannen 1985: 2o3). Gumperzs analysis of brief utterances located within Ð ° social scene and Tannens analysis of Ð ° single extended interaction via the same analytical and interpretive framework provide Ð ° rigorous methodology for analyzing conversational interactions, including interpreted conversations. Their emphasis on soliciting participant reactions and interpretations, along with close transcription of contextualization cues in language, provides Ð ° framework for going beyond Ð ° mere structural description of an interpreted encounter to an intense scrutiny of turn-taking as experienced by the participants, including phenomena such as simultaneous turn-taking.

The Victory of Banquo in Shakespeares Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

The Victory of Banquo in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   The audience sees in Shakespeare's Macbeth that the one who ends up victorious, the one whose family will provide kings for the kingdom, is the innocent, spiritually inclined Banquo. It is he about whom this essay will deal.    In Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley discusses Banquo shortly before his murder:    [. . .] like Banquo, who, in the tense hour before the murder, expresses in more forceful form the idea of evil speculation and possibility as ranging in the mind:    Merciful powers, Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose. II.i.7-9    At such a moment the activities of the mind become almost palpable and express themselves in bodily form, as they do in the other two mind tragedies. In the speech which he imagines the thoughts that may come to him when he goes to rest, Banquo hands his sword to his son Fleance, and then - with a dream-like precision - hands over his belt with its dagger too:    Hold, take my sword. There's husbandry in heaven; Their candles are all out. Take thee that too. (188-89)    Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, discusses how fear enters the life of Banquo with the murder of Duncan and his two attendants:    And as Lady Macbeth is helped from the room, we see fear working in the others. Banquo admits that fears and scruples shake them all, even while he proclaims his enmity to treason. But Banquo fears rightly the anger or hatred of the Macbeth who has power to do him harm. (222)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth:    Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeth's, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty.   (792)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquo's ghost in this play:    Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeare's tragedies that is not connected with the murder of the order-figures.

Man is like a fraction

Man Is like a fraction whose numerator Is what he Is and whose denominator is what he thinks. The greater the denominator, the lesser the fraction. † -Lev Tolstoy We should take note that in a fraction, as the denominator becomes larger, the value of the traction becomes lesser. Man is also like a traction as what Lev Tolstoy said in his quotation. Life Is full of choices, full of situations. Where sometimes all our way to run away is by pretending, Pretending is one way of escaping. In my life, I have met people who are pretentious. I don't understand why they are like that.Why o people appear to be something theyre not? Does it make them feel better about themselves or does It make them have something to hide behind? People feel that if they can lead a life that isnt their own and be pulled along by someone else they may be able to achieve better things. Therefore, hiding behind masks makes people lives a lot easier, they don't have to face up to doing something wrong. The ap pearance of being greater than you are has led to many unfortunate happening in the world around us. Nevertheless it shows us how appearing to be something you're not, can become your reality and even the world's reality.We need to be less influenced by the world around us. Reality is hard to find as people are working their way around It, forcing themselves to appear to be something they're not. If we feel that we can get ahead by doing this then we should realize that we will only get hurt. Let us not be a person who sees himself larger than who he really is. Iva Rhiana C. Santiago LG 4218 APOLLONIUS OF PERGA As what I have researched, Apollonius ot Perga was a Greek geometer and astronomer noted for his writings in the conic section. It was him who gave the ellipse. the parabola, and the hyperbola the names by which we know them.And these things are our lessons this term. The work of Apollonius of Perga has had such a great impact on the development of mathematics, that he is kno wn as â€Å"The Great Geometer†. In fact, in his book Conics he Introduces terms, such as parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola that are still used today. Apollonius also was an important person in founding Greek mathematical astronomy. He used geometrical models to explain planetary theory. He made a lot of contributions In his times that until now we are benefiting from them. We are still learning from them. He did his work very well.He was able to help many people nowadays even f he existed a long, long time ago. His contributions to mathematics helped many people to become very good like him. Mathematician like ‘Of2 Apolllonlus 0T Perga makes numerous contrl learn and it helped me a lot. Iva Rhiana C. Santiago 4218 The Importance Of Saving outlons. HIS conlcs Tor me were easy to For me, teenagers or children nowadays should learn how to save money since young. Saving money helps to lessen the heavy responsibility of our parents as what I have observed. We can also buy th eir own items without asking money from our parents.Saving money also helps us to be more independent. Although I did not complete the required number of weeks I have to deposit, I think I was only able to deposit four times out of eight weeks, I am lucky to learn a lesson from this. I can benefit from saving money at young age. I realized that after high school, college is expensive and then â€Å"real† life begins, with expenses such as food and rent. If I can hold onto a good portion of the money I earned as a teen, going to college and buying a house will be much easier. The earlier I will begin saving, the more time the money has to grow.

Should companies treat their employees with respect and treat each one of them with dignity?

All companies should treat their employees with respect and treat each one of them with dignity. Every employee is an asset of a company and without them no company can function properly. Every person in this world has their rights that should be respected and not trampled upon. Employees are human beings with feelings and this should be instilled in the minds of all company owners or their managers or agents. No one is given the right to discriminate against people who are born with disabilities or who for some reason, has gone through a difficult experience in their lives which resulted to any physical deformity.People who, for some reason, have any special characteristic should not be discriminated against. When a person applies for a job, the potential employer should look beyond the physical appearance of any person with disability. He should instead look objectively and analyze whether that person has the skill or capability to perform the required task. The potential employer should thoroughly evaluate the employee to see whether or not, despite his apparent weakness, he is still able to deliver or perform the job just like any normal person.Once the person with disability gets hired, he should be treated fairly by the employer. The employer should provide for some facilities to accommodate the employee. An example of which is when the employee is handicapped, the employer should provide a passage for the employee like a ramp or elevator for easy access to the employee. The employer should also provide for a comfort room which is to be used by handicapped people which should be larger than the normal cubicle to enable them to move freely with their wheelchair.The employer may also provide a work friendly environment to handicapped employees by providing them with a special chair or a comfortable work area where the employee can move around without his freedom being restricted. Employees who suffer from a drug abuse problem may still find a job that would enable them to overcome their drug dependence. If the employee is otherwise qualified by the job, the employer may overlook this drug addiction, and instead find ways to help the latter move on from such weakness.The employer may provide for an environment that would foster camaraderie, training, workshops, seminars and the like to distract the employee’s attention from drug dependence and to shift his focus. This would serve as a distraction for the employee who would soon get healed from his dependency. The simulation may demonstrate this scenario by creating a situation which involves an employer hiring an employee who is handicapped. Both parties may work out a case wherein the employee would try to internalize his role and look at the possible office situations which would help them improve their relationship and to better his work performance.The factors of personality, attitude toward work, and future upward mobility may play a big or little role in a potential workin g environment depending on the kind of workplace or job the employee is applying for. Personality is very important when the job description calls for the characteristic of being sociable as in a marketing job. But, personality may be of little importance to a person employed in a work place where there is no face to face interaction with a client or customer. An employee is the representative of the company, whether such employee is an officer, manager or staff.It would be advantageous for any company to have employees who are outgoing and sociable, however this would only apply for those jobs whose employees are required to be on the frontline. Thus, as to this factor of personality, it would really depend on what the company is for it to be considered as an important criterion for hiring. As to the attitude toward work, I am of the opinion that this is important and should be considered when hiring an employee. The attitude of a person towards his work would reflect a great deal about his personality.The person should show that he loves his work and would take it seriously, otherwise, the company might be in the losing end and suffer in the long run. The employer should weigh the scenario, for example, when there are two applicants for a job, one without any disability but his attitude towards his work is such that he merely views it as a means to an end and another who has some disabilities but whose attitude towards work is such that he views it with enthusiasm, with zeal and with passion, then the employer should hire the second applicant.A person who shows a positive attitude towards his work would help fuel the company to success and great heights. The factor of future upward mobility would have to be qualifies. For example, a work which would require physical strength such as construction, carrying of heavy baggage, running around or other strenuous physical activities, would necessarily require an employee who would be able to perform the job, thus s hould be mobile. However, a work which requires analysis or computer work and is which would not entail any physical mobility would not need an employee who is equipped with upward mobility.An employee should be hired based on his skills and qualifications and not based on his personal appearance. The simulation would be able to demonstrate the importance of those factors by creating an environment that would consider the job description and co-relate these with the applicants. Each scenario should be viewed differently by considering the different needs of each job and determine the applicable skill required for a potential employee. The employer should be able to decide whether or not a certain factor is needed for the delivery of the desired result.Title VII can override the employment contract between an employer and employee. It is the rule that contracts between parties should not be contrary to any existing law. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides in essence th at no person should be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin. In general, there should be equal work opportunity for every person regardless of any disability or otherwise. A person who has some disability should be hired if he is qualified for the job.Further, once he is hired he should receive the same amount of pay and benefits as any normal employee since the employer should look beyond the disability and give equal work opportunities to both of them. There should be no diminution of salary or benefits for the reason that the employee has some disability. An employee should not compromise his rights for the reason that he is in desperate need of a job and the employer should not use his bargaining power as a person who is in authority of giving the job.An agreement which provides for benefits, wages or others that are below the minimum wage or contrary to any law is null and void and is of no force and effect. The law is above any w ritten contract since the former must always be in consonance with the latter. The simulation would demonstrate this by portraying a situation which depicts an environment where the employer and the employee would agree on terms that are for the advantage and benefit of both but is not contrary to law.

A Mistake That Taught You an Important Lesson Essay Example

A Mistake That Taught You an Important Lesson Essay Example A Mistake That Taught You an Important Lesson Essay A Mistake That Taught You an Important Lesson Essay Chapter 1: Basic concepts and terms This chapter answers the following questions: What is a dictionary? What are the different types of dictionaries? How can we describe a dictionary? What are the elements of a dictionary? What are the different kinds of information dictionaries provide? What is a dictionary? This is the first question one encounters when learning about dictionary skills or reading any book on lexicography (the art of compiling dictionaries). Defining the term dictionary is important to distinguish it from other reference books, which may look similar, like encyclopedias. Etymologically, the word dictionary comes from the Middle Latin word dictionarium, which means collection of words and phrases. This definition relates to the basic function of dictionaries which is listing the words of a language or a particular field of knowledge. This simple fact is the basis of all the definitions proposed for a dictionary. A dictionary is a book used as a reference source which contains lists of words arranged alphabetically or thematically, with explanations of their meanings (semantic information in monolingual dictionaries) or with their equivalents (in bi-, tri-, or multilingual dictionaries). They may also include more information related to orthography (spelling, alternate spellings), morphology (syllabification, word inflections, derivative forms, morphological paradigm), phonology (pronunciation, stress pattern), etymology (word history and origin), syntax (part of speech, verb type, noun type, etc), pragmatics (usage, frequency of use, style, context), and other semantic information (related words such as synonyms, antonyms). A dictionary may variously be referred to as: word book, lexicon, thesaurus, vocabulary, glossary, and concordance. However, each one of these is slightly different in scope. For example, a thesaurus (also from Latin, and which means a treasury or a storehouse) presents synonyms and antonyms; a glossary usually gives a list of terms confined to a particular domain of knowledge with definitions. What distinguishes a dictionary from these different types is that none of them provides all the different kinds of linguistic information a dictionary provides. Use thesaurus in a Sentence See images of thesaurus Search thesaurus on the Web Types of dictionaries: Dictionaries vary in coverage, size, and scope. They can be classified on the basis of different criteria. Knowing the types of dictionaries available is very important to decide which ones to buy or use. The following criteria are used to classify dictionaries: 1) Number of languages: Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language only. Each word is followed by its meaning or various meanings and probably other information related to pronunciation, grammar, or word history. Bilingual dictionaries are written in two languages. Each word is followed by its equivalent or possible equivalents in another language. Bilingual dictionaries could be uni- or mono-directional; that is, they go in one direction only, from English to Arabic or vise versa. They could also be bidirectional; that is, the dictionary is divided into two parts; the first part is from Language 1 to Language 2, and the second one is from Language 2 to Language 1. Trilingual dictionaries are written in three languages. Multilingual language are written in more than two languages. 2) Age of the users: School dictionaries are intended for school students and they are graded according to childrens age: elementary, middle, and high school students. They are simplified versions of adult references. They may also be referred to as childrens dictionaries if they are intended for very young children. Adult dictionaries, on the other hand, are intended for adults and these are the ones that translators use and they include a variety of dictionary types such as college dictionaries, current language dictionaries, and unabridged dictionaries. 3) Size of the dictionary: This has to do with how fully a dictionary covers the lexicon of a particular language. The number of words is a measure of its relative size compared with other dictionaries in the same language. According to this criteria, dictionaries can be classified into the following. a) Unabridged dictionaries which are believed to include all the words of the English language (400,000 to 600,000 words). They give full coverage to the lexicon in general use and to specialized lexicon, with examples and all other information any dictionary could give. In other words, they provide complete and authoritative linguistic information. They are impractical for desk use because of their size and expense, but they are available in libraries and are important reference sources. Examples: Websters Third New International Dictionary (NID3), and Oxford English dictionary (OED) which has 20 volumes. Semis: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, The Random House College Dictionary, Websters New World Dictionary of American English. They are called college dictionaries because they are often used by college students. c) Desk dictionaries include from 60,000 to 100,000 words. Examples: The American heritage dictionary, Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary. They are called desk dictionaries because they are often kept on desks for frequent reference. College and desk dictionaries are often abridged versions of larger dictionaries. Some publishing houses use the term college to refer to both college dictionaries and desk dictionaries. Some other houses use the term concise to refer to desk dictionaries; e. g. Concise Oxford Dictionary, Longman Concise English Dictionary. d) Pocket size dictionaries, which include from 40,000 to 60,000 words; e. g. Pocket Oxford Dictionary. 4) Scope of coverage by subject: Subject-field dictionaries are confined to a special subject, such as law or medicine. Special-purpose dictionaries are limited to one aspect of language: collocations, slang, pronunciation, etymology, synonyms, usage, offensive and taboo words, spelling, dialect, neologisms, etc. A functional classification of dictionaries: For the purpose of the present course, which ultimately aims at training students to use dictionaries as professional translators, we will adopt the following classification that is based on the functions of dictionaries. Dictionaries are divided into two types: traditional and electronic dictionaries. I. Traditional (or regular) dictionaries: Traditional dictionaries are printed dictionaries (paper /print dictionaries). They are divided into four main categories: linguistic, visual, picture, and encyclopedic dictionaries. 1) Linguistic dictionaries are dictionaries that are concerned with words and provide linguistic information and may contain some pictures or illustrations. They are further divided into four types: general, learner, children, and specialized dictionaries. a) General-purpose dictionaries deal with the common words of a language and are compiled by language experts. They may be mono- or bilingual. They may be explanatory and help readers to understand a word meaning, its pronunciation, spelling, usage, etc. They may be translation dictionaries providing word equivalents. Explanatory and translation dictionaries may be unabridged, college, desk, concise, or pocket dictionaries. General-purpose dictionaries could also be production dictionaries (alternatively called activators) which are very useful in writing; they guide you as to which words or expressions to use to express similar or different ideas. They focus on use or meaning in context and on oral usage, rather than explaining their meanings. The first production dictionary is: Longman Language Activator: The Worlds First Production Dictionary (1993), Longman Essential Activator (intermediate level). The lexical information is organized around approximately 1000 key terms that serve as focal points for crucial sets of concepts. b) Learners dictionaries are aimed at students learning a language. Examples: Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. c) Children dictionaries are very simplified versions specifically written for children. ) Specialized dictionaries are divided into two types: subject field dictionaries and special purpose dictionaries. Subject field dictionaries are limited to the vocabulary of specific scholarly areas or fields of knowledge such as medicine, law, religion, business and commerce, literature, military affairs and politics, etc. The rapid growth and development, and specifications in all the fields of knowledge has resulted in generating of new words or specialized terms for which the general dictionaries do not provide adequate information. Therefore, it became necessary to compile subject dictionaries which are devoted completely to specific subject fields. As a result many subject dictionaries and glossaries in Humanities, Social Sciences and Science ; Technology are coming out day-by-day. They are compiled by the experts in the different subject fields. Special purpose dictionaries deal with different aspects of language such as collocations, slang, idioms, phrasal verbs, neologisms, abbreviations, language varieties and dialects, synonyms and antonyms, pronunciation, etymology, usage, grammar, word frequencies, etc. ) Visual dictionaries tend to be complete dictionaries and rely on illustrations and photos or pictures; e. g. Merriam-Websters Visual Dictionary Online. 3) Picture dictionaries are often organized by topic instead of being an alphabetic list of words. They include only a small corpus of words because they are often intended for children. They may be mono-, bi-, or multilingual. 4) Encyclopedic dictionar ies has encyclopedic features; their concern is not the words of a language but rather with facts about things, objects, or people; e. . The Hutchinson Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary. II. Electronic dictionaries: An electronic dictionary is an electronic reference resource that contains a library of words and their meanings, spellings, and etymologies. They can be 1) portable (or handheld), battery-operated devices; 2) dictionary programs (on CDs) , or software running on PDAs or computers and which allow words or phrases to be input and translated; or 3) web based dictionaries accessible via the internet. Electronic dictionaries are more convenient than paper dictionaries and much faster to search. Examples of some online dictionaries: AskOxford Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English, Cambridge Dictionaries Online Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary, Dictionary. com Dictionary. com Unabridged v. 1. 1 and American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Ed, Longman Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Merriam-Webster OnLine Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Oxford University Press Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Dictionaries Traditional Dictionaries Electronic Dictionaries Portable devices CDs Online dictionaries Linguistic Visual Picture Encyclopedic General Learners Children Specialized Explanatory Production (Activators) Mono, college, desk, concise, pocket Explanatory Production Translation Explanatory Translation (monolingual) (bilingual) unabridged college or pocket college or desk Terminology (religious, literary, political, scientific, medical, etc) (mono and bi) concise Collocation, slang, idioms, phrasal verbs, common errors, neologisms, abbreviations (mono) pocket Synonyms, antonyms, thesaurus, production dic or activators (mono) Pronunciation, etymologies, usage, grammar, word frequencies, (mono) College, concise, pocket monolingual college or pocket Exercise: Find the following words in your dictionary, if you cant find them think of a reason to explain that: car cumdump goo gonzo coasthenia (psy) to smell to high heaven abarticulation (med) howitzer gun (mil) schlub action agent (mil) What type should you buy or use? Dictionaries are used by native speakers, language learners, or translators. Native speakers use dictionaries to help them in writing or in understanding unfamiliar words or phrases. For this purpose they use adult (unabridged or college) monolingual dictionaries. Language learners need learners monolingual dictionaries, whether elementary, intermediate, or advanced dictionaries depending on their level of language proficiency. Translators, on the other hand, need both mono- and bilingual dictionaries. They are advised to choose the most recent editions of college or unabridged dictionaries, as the other types of dictionaries are limited in their vocabulary coverage. They are also advised to have different types of specialized dictionaries of: idioms, collocations, phrasal verbs, usage, specialized terminology (religious, legal, political, medical, literary, military, psychological, scientific, etc). Elements of dictionaries: The elements of any dictionary can be discussed in terms of two levels: the macrostructure and microstructure. The macrostructure is concerned with dictionary features such as the front matter, the end or back matter, entry organization. The microstructure is limited to the structure of entries and the kinds of information they provide. We will discuss these two levels in detail in the following chapter on general monolingual dictionaries.